C网络通信例程如何轻松实现高效数据传输？

在C#中实现网络通信是开发分布式系统、实时应用程序或物联网解决方案的核心能力之一，以下将详细介绍基于TCP和UDP协议的C#网络通信实现方法，结合最佳实践与代码示例（兼容.NET Core及.NET Framework）。

TCP协议通信示例

TCP提供可靠的双向字节流通信,适用于需要确保数据完整性的场景。

TCP服务端实现

using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Text;
public class TcpServer
{
    public static void Start(int port)
    {
        TcpListener listener = new TcpListener(IPAddress.Any, port);
        listener.Start();
        Console.WriteLine($"Server started on port {port}");
        while (true)
        {
            TcpClient client = listener.AcceptTcpClient();
            Console.WriteLine($"Client connected: {client.Client.RemoteEndPoint}");
            NetworkStream stream = client.GetStream();
            byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
            int bytesRead = stream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
            string receivedData = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer, 0, bytesRead);
            Console.WriteLine($"Received: {receivedData}");
            string response = "SERVER ACK: " + receivedData;
            byte[] responseData = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(response);
            stream.Write(responseData, 0, responseData.Length);
            client.Close();
        }
    }
}

TCP客户端实现

using System;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Text;
public class TcpClient
{
    public static void Connect(string serverIP, int port)
    {
        using (System.Net.Sockets.TcpClient client = new System.Net.Sockets.TcpClient())
        {
            client.Connect(serverIP, port);
            NetworkStream stream = client.GetStream();
            string message = "Hello TCP Server";
            byte[] data = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);
            stream.Write(data, 0, data.Length);
            Console.WriteLine($"Sent: {message}");
            byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
            int bytesRead = stream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
            string response = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer, 0, bytesRead);
            Console.WriteLine($"Received: {response}");
        }
    }
}

UDP协议通信示例

UDP适用于对实时性要求高、允许少量数据丢失的场景（如视频流、游戏数据）。

UDP服务端

using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Text;
public class UdpServer
{
    public static void Start(int port)
    {
        UdpClient udpServer = new UdpClient(port);
        IPEndPoint remoteEP = new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Any, 0);
        Console.WriteLine($"UDP Server started on port {port}");
        while (true)
        {
            byte[] receivedBytes = udpServer.Receive(ref remoteEP);
            string receivedData = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(receivedBytes);
            Console.WriteLine($"Received from {remoteEP}: {receivedData}");
            string response = "SERVER RESPONSE";
            byte[] responseBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(response);
            udpServer.Send(responseBytes, responseBytes.Length, remoteEP);
        }
    }
}

UDP客户端

using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Text;
public class UdpClient
{
    public static void SendMessage(string serverIP, int port)
    {
        using (UdpClient client = new UdpClient())
        {
            IPEndPoint ep = new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Parse(serverIP), port);
            string message = "Hello UDP Server";
            byte[] data = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);
            client.Send(data, data.Length, ep);
            Console.WriteLine($"Sent: {message}");
            byte[] receivedBytes = client.Receive(ref ep);
            Console.WriteLine($"Received: {Encoding.UTF8.GetString(receivedBytes)}");
        }
    }
}

关键技术与注意事项

1. 编码处理
   使用Encoding.UTF8进行字符串与字节流的转换，支持多语言字符

   // 编码
   byte[] data = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("中文内容");
   // 解码
   string text = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(data);

2. 异步通信
   推荐使用async/await模式提升并发处理能力：

   public async Task StartAsync()
   {
       TcpClient client = await listener.AcceptTcpClientAsync();
       NetworkStream stream = client.GetStream();
       byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
       int bytesRead = await stream.ReadAsync(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
   }

3. 错误处理
   必须包含异常捕获机制：

   try {
       // 网络操作代码
   }
   catch (SocketException ex) {
       Console.WriteLine($"Socket error: {ex.SocketErrorCode}");
   }
   catch (Exception ex) {
       Console.WriteLine($"General error: {ex.Message}");
   }

常见问题解决

• 连接超时问题
  设置TcpClient的超时属性：

  client.SendTimeout = 5000; // 5秒
  client.ReceiveTimeout = 5000;

• 大数据传输处理
  使用分块传输协议：

  // 发送数据长度头
  byte[] lengthHeader = BitConverter.GetBytes(data.Length);
  stream.Write(lengthHeader, 0, 4);
  // 分块发送数据

• 防火墙配置
  确保服务器防火墙开放对应端口（控制面板→Windows Defender防火墙→高级设置）

性能优化建议

1. 使用SocketAsyncEventArgs实现高性能Socket通信
2. 采用连接池管理TCP长连接
3. 对UDP数据包进行序列号校验
4. 使用MemoryPool<byte>减少内存分配

引用说明
本文代码示例参考微软官方文档《.NET网络编程指南》，协议规范遵循RFC 793（TCP）与RFC 768（UDP），异步模式实现符合.NET Task-based Asynchronous Pattern (TAP)标准。