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安卓开发发送请求数据

admin
行业动态
2025-04-21
4

安卓开发中发送请求数据的方法与实践

使用原生 `HttpURLConnection` 发送请求

添加网络权限
在 AndroidManifest.xml 中声明网络权限：
```
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
```

GET 请求示例

String url = "https://api.example.com/data";
new Thread(() -> {
    try {
        URL requestUrl = new URL(url);
        HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) requestUrl.openConnection();
        connection.setRequestMethod("GET");
        connection.connect();
        // 读取响应
        InputStream inputStream = connection.getInputStream();
        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputStream));
        StringBuilder response = new StringBuilder();
        String line;
        while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
            response.append(line);
        }
        reader.close();
        connection.disconnect();
        // 回到主线程处理结果
        runOnUiThread(() -> {
            Log.d("Response", response.toString());
        });
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}).start();

POST 请求示例

String url = "https://api.example.com/upload";
String jsonData = "{"key":"value"}";
new Thread(() -> {
    try {
        URL requestUrl = new URL(url);
        HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) requestUrl.openConnection();
        connection.setRequestMethod("POST");
        connection.setDoOutput(true);
        connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/json");
        // 写入请求体
        OutputStream outputStream = connection.getOutputStream();
        outputStream.write(jsonData.getBytes());
        outputStream.flush();
        outputStream.close();
        // 读取响应
        InputStream inputStream = connection.getInputStream();
        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputStream));
        StringBuilder response = new StringBuilder();
        String line;
        while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
            response.append(line);
        }
        reader.close();
        connection.disconnect();
        // 回到主线程处理结果
        runOnUiThread(() -> {
            Log.d("Response", response.toString());
        });
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}).start();

使用第三方库 OkHttp 发送请求

添加依赖
在 build.gradle 中添加：

安卓开发发送请求数据第1张

implementation 'com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp:4.10.0'

GET 请求示例

OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
    .url("https://api.example.com/data")
    .build();
client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() {
    @Override
    public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    @Override
    public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
        if (response.isSuccessful()) {
            final String responseBody = response.body().string();
            runOnUiThread(() -> Log.d("Response", responseBody));
        }
    }
});

POST 请求示例

OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
RequestBody body = RequestBody.create(
    "{"key":"value"}", MediaType.parse("application/json"));
Request request = new Request.Builder()
    .url("https://api.example.com/upload")
    .post(body)
    .build();
client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() {
    @Override
    public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    @Override
    public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
        if (response.isSuccessful()) {
            final String responseBody = response.body().string();
            runOnUiThread(() -> Log.d("Response", responseBody));
        }
    }
});

使用 Retrofit 发送请求

添加依赖
在 build.gradle 中添加：

implementation 'com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.9.0'
implementation 'com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:2.9.0'

定义接口

public interface ApiService {
    @GET("data")
    Call<ResponseBody> getData();
    @POST("upload")
    Call<ResponseBody> uploadData(@Body Map<String, String> data);
}

创建 Retrofit 实例并调用

Retrofit retrofit = new Retrofit.Builder()
    .baseUrl("https://api.example.com/")
    .addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create())
    .build();
ApiService apiService = retrofit.create(ApiService.class);
// GET 请求
Call<ResponseBody> call = apiService.getData();
call.enqueue(new Callback<ResponseBody>() {
    @Override
    public void onResponse(Call<ResponseBody> call, Response<ResponseBody> response) {
        if (response.isSuccessful()) {
            try {
                Log.d("Response", response.body().string());
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
    @Override
    public void onFailure(Call<ResponseBody> call, Throwable t) {
        t.printStackTrace();
    }
});
// POST 请求
Map<String, String> data = new HashMap<>();
data.put("key", "value");
apiService.uploadData(data).enqueue(new Callback<ResponseBody>() {
    @Override
    public void onResponse(Call<ResponseBody> call, Response<ResponseBody> response) {
        if (response.isSuccessful()) {
            try {
                Log.d("Response", response.body().string());
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
    @Override
    public void onFailure(Call<ResponseBody> call, Throwable t) {
        t.printStackTrace();
    }
});

注意事项

网络权限
必须声明 <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />。
主线程限制
网络请求需在子线程执行，UI 更新需切回主线程。

SSL 证书验证

OkHttp 可配置忽略 SSL 验证（仅限测试环境）：

OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
    .sslSocketFactory(new TrustAllCertificates().sslSocketFactory(), new TrustAllCertificates().trustManager)
    .build();

Retrofit 可通过 OkHttpClient 配置。

错误处理
需处理网络异常、超时、服务器错误等。

方法对比表

方法	优点	缺点
`HttpURLConnection`	原生支持，无需额外依赖；灵活性高	代码量大，API 繁琐；需手动处理线程和异常
`OkHttp`	轻量级，支持缓存、拦截器；代码简洁	需手动管理线程；复杂功能需自定义
`Retrofit`	基于 OkHttp，支持动态代理、注解；适合复杂 API 交互	学习成本较高；依赖较多
`Volley`	适合小规模数据请求，内置缓存和队列管理	不支持 HTTP/2；不适合大文件上传下载